Astro DB

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Astro DB is a fully-managed SQL database designed for the Astro ecosystem. Develop locally in Astro and deploy to any libSQL-compatible database.

Astro DB is a complete solution to configuring, developing, and querying your data. A local database is created in .astro/content.db whenever you run astro dev to manage your data without the need for Docker or a network connection.

Installation

Install the @astrojs/db integration using the built-in astro add command:

npx astro add db

pnpm astro add db

yarn astro add db

Define your database

Installing @astrojs/db with the astro add command will automatically create a db/config.ts file in your project where you will define your database tables:

import { defineDb } from 'astro:db';

export default defineDb({
  tables: { },
})

Tables

Data in Astro DB is stored using SQL tables. Tables structure your data into rows and columns, where columns enforce the type of each row value.

Define your tables in your db/config.ts file by providing the structure of the data in your existing libSQL database, or the data you will collect in a new database. This will allow Astro to generate a TypeScript interface to query that table from your project. The result is full TypeScript support when you access your data with property autocompletion and type-checking.

To configure a database table, import and use the defineTable() and column utilities from astro:db. Then, define a name (case-sensitive) for your table and the type of data in each column.

This example configures a Comment table with required text columns for author and body. Then, makes it available to your project through the defineDb() export.

import { defineDb, defineTable, column } from 'astro:db';

const Comment = defineTable({
  columns: {
    author: column.text(),
    body: column.text(),
  }
})

export default defineDb({
  tables: { Comment },
})

See the table configuration reference for a complete reference of table options.

Columns

Astro DB supports the following column types:

import { defineTable, column } from 'astro:db';

const Comment = defineTable({
  columns: {
    // A string of text.
    author: column.text(),
    // A whole integer value.
    likes: column.number(),
    // A true or false value.
    flagged: column.boolean(),
    // Date/time values queried as JavaScript Date objects.
    published: column.date(),
    // An untyped JSON object.
    metadata: column.json(),
  }
});

See the table columns reference for more details.

Table References

Relationships between tables are a common pattern in database design. For example, a Blog table may be closely related to other tables of Comment, Author, and Category.

You can define these relations between tables and save them into your database schema using reference columns. To establish a relationship, you will need:

An identifier column on the referenced table. This is usually an id column with the primaryKey property.
A column on the base table to store the referenced id. This uses the references property to establish a relationship.

This example shows a Comment table’s authorId column referencing an Author table’s id column.

const Author = defineTable({
  columns: {
    id: column.number({ primaryKey: true }),
    name: column.text(),
  }
});

const Comment = defineTable({
  columns: {
    authorId: column.number({ references: () => Author.columns.id }),
    body: column.text(),
  }
});

Seed your database for development

In development, Astro will use your DB config to generate local types according to your schemas. These will be generated fresh from your seed file each time the dev server is started, and will allow you to query and work with the shape of your data with type safety and autocompletion.

You will not have access to production data during development unless you connect to a remote database during development. This protects your data while allowing you to test and develop with a working database with type-safety.

To seed development data for testing and debugging into your Astro project, create a db/seed.ts file. Import both the db object and your tables defined in astro:db. insert some initial data into each table. This development data should match the form of both your database schema and production data.

The following example defines two rows of development data for a Comment table, and an Author table:

import { db, Comment, Author } from 'astro:db';

export default async function() {
  await db.insert(Author).values([
    { id: 1, name: "Kasim" },
    { id: 2, name: "Mina" },
  ]);

  await db.insert(Comment).values([
    { authorId: 1, body: 'Hope you like Astro DB!' },
    { authorId: 2, body: 'Enjoy!'},
  ])
}

Your development server will automatically restart your database whenever this file changes, regenerating your types and seeding this development data from seed.ts fresh each time.

Connect a libSQL database for production

Astro DB can connect to any local libSQL database or to any server that exposes the libSQL remote protocol, whether managed or self-hosted.

To connect Astro DB to a libSQL database, set the following environment variables obtained from your database provider:

ASTRO_DB_REMOTE_URL: the connection URL to the location of your local or remote libSQL DB. This may include URL configuration options such as sync and encryption as parameters.
ASTRO_DB_APP_TOKEN: the auth token to your libSQL server. This is required for remote databases, and not needed for local DBs like files or in-memory databases

Depending on your service, you may have access to a CLI or web UI to retrieve these values. The following section will demonstrate connecting to Turso and setting these values as an example, but you are free to use any provider.

Getting started with Turso

Turso is the company behind libSQL, the open-source fork of SQLite that powers Astro DB. They provide a fully managed libSQL database platform and are fully compatible with Astro.

The steps below will guide you through the process of installing the Turso CLI, logging in (or signing up), creating a new database, getting the required environmental variables, and pushing the schema to the remote database.

Install the Turso CLI.
Log in or sign up to Turso.
Create a new database. In this example the database name is andromeda.
Terminal window
```
turso db create andromeda
```
Run the show command to see information about the newly created database:
Terminal window
```
turso db show andromeda
```
Copy the URL value and set it as the value for ASTRO_DB_REMOTE_URL.
.env
```
ASTRO_DB_REMOTE_URL=libsql://andromeda-houston.turso.io
```
Create a new token to authenticate requests to the database:
Terminal window
```
turso db tokens create andromeda
```
Copy the output of the command and set it as the value for ASTRO_DB_APP_TOKEN.
.env
```
ASTRO_DB_REMOTE_URL=libsql://andromeda-houston.turso.io
ASTRO_DB_APP_TOKEN=eyJhbGciOiJF...3ahJpTkKDw
```
Push your DB schema and metadata to the new Turso database.
Terminal window
```
astro db push --remote
```
Congratulations, now you have a database connected! Give yourself a break. 👾
Terminal window
```
turso relax
```

To explore more features of Turso, check out the Turso docs.

Connecting to remote databases

Astro DB allows you to connect to both local and remote databases. By default, Astro uses a local database file for dev and build commands, recreating tables and inserting development seed data each time.

To connect to a hosted remote database, use the --remote flag. This flag enables both readable and writable access to your remote database, allowing you to accept and persist user data in production environments.

Configure your build command to use the --remote flag:

{
  "scripts": {
    "build": "astro build --remote"
  }
}

You can also use the flag directly in the command line:

# Build with a remote connection
astro build --remote

# Develop with a remote connection
astro dev --remote

The --remote flag uses the connection to the remote DB both locally during the build and on the server. Ensure you set the necessary environment variables in both your local development environment and your deployment platform.

When deploying your Astro DB project, make sure your deployment platform’s build command is set to npm run build (or the equivalent for your package manager) to utilize the --remote flag configured in your package.json.

Remote URL configuration options

The ASTRO_DB_REMOTE_URL environment variable configures the location of your database as well as other options like sync and encryption.

URL scheme and host

libSQL supports both HTTP and WebSockets as the transport protocol for a remote server. It also supports using a local file or an in-memory DB. Those can be configured using the following URL schemes in the connection URL:

memory: will use an in-memory DB. The host must be empty in this case.
file: will use a local file. The host is the path to the file (file:path/to/file.db).
libsql: will use a remote server through the protocol preferred by the library (this might be different across versions). The host is the address of the server (libsql://your.server.io).
http: will use a remote server through HTTP. https: can be used to enable a secure connection. The host is the same as for libsql:.
ws: will use a remote server through WebSockets. wss: can be used to enable a secure connection. The host is the same as for libsql:.

Details of the libSQL connection (e.g. encryption key, replication, sync interval) can be configured as query parameters in the remote connection URL.

For example, to have an encrypted local file work as an embedded replica to a libSQL server, you can set the following environment variables:

ASTRO_DB_REMOTE_URL=file://local-copy.db?encryptionKey=your-encryption-key&syncInterval=60&syncUrl=libsql%3A%2F%2Fyour.server.io
ASTRO_DB_APP_TOKEN=token-to-your-remote-url

`encryptionKey`

libSQL has native support for encrypted databases. Passing this search parameter will enable encryption using the given key:

ASTRO_DB_REMOTE_URL=file:path/to/file.db?encryptionKey=your-encryption-key

`syncUrl`

Embedded replicas are a feature of libSQL clients that creates a full synchronized copy of your database on a local file or in memory for ultra-fast reads. Writes are sent to a remote database defined on the syncUrl and synchronized with the local copy.

Use this property to pass a separate connection URL to turn the database into an embedded replica of another database. This should only be used with the schemes file: and memory:. The parameter must be URL encoded.

For example, to have an in-memory embedded replica of a database on libsql://your.server.io, you can set the connection URL as such:

ASTRO_DB_REMOTE_URL=memory:?syncUrl=libsql%3A%2F%2Fyour.server.io

`syncInterval`

Interval between embedded replica synchronizations in seconds. By default it only synchronizes on startup and after writes.

This property is only used when syncUrl is also set. For example, to set an in-memory embedded replica to synchronize every minute set the following environment variable:

ASTRO_DB_REMOTE_URL=memory:?syncUrl=libsql%3A%2F%2Fyour.server.io&syncInterval=60

Query your database

You can query your database from any Astro page, endpoint, or action in your project using the provided db ORM and query builder.

Drizzle ORM

import { db } from 'astro:db';

Astro DB includes a built-in Drizzle ORM client. There is no setup or manual configuration required to use the client. The Astro DB db client is automatically configured to communicate with your database (local or remote) when you run Astro. It uses your exact database schema definition for type-safe SQL queries with TypeScript errors when you reference a column or table that doesn’t exist.

Select

The following example selects all rows of a Comment table. This returns the complete array of seeded development data from db/seed.ts which is then available for use in your page template:

---
import { db, Comment } from 'astro:db';

const comments = await db.select().from(Comment);
---

<h2>Comments</h2>

{
  comments.map(({ author, body }) => (
    <article>
      <p>Author: {author}</p>
      <p>{body}</p>
    </article>
  ))
}

See the Drizzle select() API reference for a complete overview.

Insert

To accept user input, such as handling form requests and inserting data into your remote hosted database, configure your Astro project for on-demand rendering and add an adapter for your deployment environment.

This example inserts a row into a Comment table based on a parsed form POST request:

---
import { db, Comment } from 'astro:db';

if (Astro.request.method === 'POST') {
  // Parse form data
  const formData = await Astro.request.formData();
  const author = formData.get('author');
  const body = formData.get('body');
  if (typeof author === 'string' && typeof body === 'string') {
    // Insert form data into the Comment table
    await db.insert(Comment).values({ author, body });
  }
}

// Render the new list of comments on each request
const comments = await db.select().from(Comment);
---

<form method="POST" style="display: grid">
  <label for="author">Author</label>
  <input id="author" name="author" />

  <label for="body">Body</label>
  <textarea id="body" name="body"></textarea>

  <button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

<!-- Render `comments` -->

You can also use Astro actions to insert data into an Astro DB table. The following example inserts a row into a Comment table using an action:

import { db, Comment } from 'astro:db';
import { defineAction } from 'astro:actions';
import { z } from 'astro:schema';

export const server = {
  addComment: defineAction({
    // Actions include type safety with Zod, removing the need
    // to check if typeof {value} === 'string' in your pages
    input: z.object({
      author: z.string(),
      body: z.string(),
    }),
    handler: async (input) => {
      const updatedComments = await db
        .insert(Comment)
        .values(input)
        .returning(); // Return the updated comments
      return updatedComments;
    },
  }),
};

See the Drizzle insert() API reference for a complete overview.

Delete

You can also query your database from an API endpoint. This example deletes a row from a Comment table by the id parameter:

import type { APIRoute } from "astro";
import { db, Comment, eq } from 'astro:db';

export const DELETE: APIRoute = async (ctx) => {
  await db.delete(Comment).where(eq(Comment.id, ctx.params.id ));
  return new Response(null, { status: 204 });
}

See the Drizzle delete() API reference for a complete overview.

Filtering

To query for table results by a specific property, use Drizzle options for partial selects. For example, add a .where() call to your select() query and pass the comparison you want to make.

The following example queries for all rows in a Comment table that contain the phrase “Astro DB.” Use the like() operator to check if a phrase is present within the body:

---
import { db, Comment, like } from 'astro:db';

const comments = await db.select().from(Comment).where(
    like(Comment.body, '%Astro DB%')
);
---

Drizzle utilities

All Drizzle utilities for building queries are exposed from the astro:db module. This includes:

Filter operators like eq() and gt()
Aggregation helpers like count()
The sql helper for writing raw SQL queries

import { eq, gt, count, sql } from 'astro:db';

Relationships

You can query related data from multiple tables using a SQL join. To create a join query, extend your db.select() statement with a join operator. Each function accepts a table to join with and a condition to match rows between the two tables.

This example uses an innerJoin() function to join Comment authors with their related Author information based on the authorId column. This returns an array of objects with each Author and Comment row as top-level properties:

---
import { db, eq, Comment, Author } from 'astro:db';

const comments = await db.select()
  .from(Comment)
  .innerJoin(Author, eq(Comment.authorId, Author.id));
---

<h2>Comments</h2>

{
  comments.map(({ Author, Comment }) => (
    <article>
      <p>Author: {Author.name}</p>
      <p>{Comment.body}</p>
    </article>
  ))
}

See the Drizzle join reference for all available join operators and config options.

Batch Transactions

All remote database queries are made as a network request. You may need to “batch” queries together into a single transaction when making a large number of queries, or to have automatic rollbacks if any query fails.

This example seeds multiple rows in a single request using the db.batch() method:

import { db, Author, Comment } from 'astro:db';

export default async function () {
  const queries = [];
  // Seed 100 sample comments into your remote database
  // with a single network request.
  for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
    queries.push(db.insert(Comment).values({ body: `Test comment ${i}` }));
  }
  await db.batch(queries);
}

See the Drizzle db.batch() docs for more details.

Pushing changes to your database

You can push changes made during development to your database.

Pushing table schemas

Your table schema may change over time as your project grows. You can safely test configuration changes locally and push to your remote database when you deploy.

You can push your local schema changes to your remote database via the CLI using the astro db push --remote command:

npm run astro db push --remote

pnpm astro db push --remote

yarn astro db push --remote

This command will verify that your local changes can be made without data loss and, if necessary, suggest how to safely make changes to your schema in order to resolve conflicts.

Pushing breaking schema changes

If you must change your table schema in a way that is incompatible with your existing data hosted on your remote database, you will need to reset your production database.

To push a table schema update that includes a breaking change, add the --force-reset flag to reset all production data:

npm run astro db push --remote --force-reset

pnpm astro db push --remote --force-reset

yarn astro db push --remote --force-reset

Renaming tables

It is possible to rename a table after pushing your schema to your remote database.

If you do not have any important production data, then you can reset your database using the --force-reset flag. This flag will drop all of the tables in the database and create new ones so that it matches your current schema exactly.

To rename a table while preserving your production data, you must perform a series of non-breaking changes to push your local schema to your remote database safely.

The following example renames a table from Comment to Feedback:

In your database config file, add the deprecated: true property to the table you want to rename:

const Comment = defineTable({
  deprecated: true,
  columns: {
    author: column.text(),
    body: column.text(),
  }
});

Add a new table schema (matching the existing table’s properties exactly) with the new name:

const Comment = defineTable({
  deprecated: true,
  columns: {
    author: column.text(),
    body: column.text(),
  }
});
const Feedback = defineTable({
  columns: {
    author: column.text(),
    body: column.text(),
  }
});

Push to your remote database with astro db push --remote. This will add the new table and mark the old as deprecated.
Update any of your local project code to use the new table instead of the old table. You might need to migrate data to the new table as well.

Once you are confident that the old table is no longer used in your project, you can remove the schema from your config.ts:

const Comment = defineTable({
  deprecated: true,
  columns: {
    author: column.text(),
    body: column.text(),
  }
});

const Feedback = defineTable({
  columns: {
    author: column.text(),
    body: column.text(),
  }
});

Push to your remote database again with astro db push --remote. The old table will be dropped, leaving only the new, renamed table.

Pushing table data

You may need to push data to your remote database for seeding or data migrations. You can author a .ts file with the astro:db module to write type-safe queries. Then, execute the file against your remote database using the command astro db execute <file-path> --remote:

The following Comments can be seeded using the command astro db execute db/seed.ts --remote:

import { Comment } from 'astro:db';

export default async function () {
  await db.insert(Comment).values([
    { authorId: 1, body: 'Hope you like Astro DB!' },
    { authorId: 2, body: 'Enjoy!' },
  ])
}

See the CLI reference for a complete list of commands.

Building Astro DB integrations

Astro integrations can extend user projects with additional Astro DB tables and seed data.

Use the extendDb() method in the astro:db:setup hook to register additional Astro DB config and seed files. The defineDbIntegration() helper provides TypeScript support and auto-complete for the astro:db:setup hook.

import { defineDbIntegration } from '@astrojs/db/utils';

export default function MyIntegration() {
  return defineDbIntegration({
    name: 'my-astro-db-powered-integration',
    hooks: {
      'astro:db:setup': ({ extendDb }) => {
        extendDb({
          configEntrypoint: '@astronaut/my-package/config',
          seedEntrypoint: '@astronaut/my-package/seed',
        });
      },
      // Other integration hooks...
    },
  });
}

Integration config and seed files follow the same format as their user-defined equivalents.

Type safe operations in integrations

While working on integrations, you may not be able to benefit from Astro’s generated table types exported from astro:db. For full type safety, use the asDrizzleTable() utility to create a table reference object you can use for database operations.

For example, given an integration setting up the following Pets database table:

import { defineDb, defineTable, column } from 'astro:db';

export const Pets = defineTable({
  columns: {
    name: column.text(),
    species: column.text(),
  },
});

export default defineDb({ tables: { Pets } });

The seed file can import Pets and use asDrizzleTable() to insert rows into your table with type checking:

import { asDrizzleTable } from '@astrojs/db/utils';
import { db } from 'astro:db';
import { Pets } from './config';

export default async function() {
  const typeSafePets = asDrizzleTable('Pets', Pets);

  await db.insert(typeSafePets).values([
    { name: 'Palomita', species: 'cat' },
    { name: 'Pan', species: 'dog' },
  ]);
}

The value returned by asDrizzleTable('Pets', Pets) is equivalent to import { Pets } from 'astro:db', but is available even when Astro’s type generation can’t run. You can use it in any integration code that needs to query or insert into the database.

Migrate from Astro Studio to Turso

In the Studio dashboard, navigate to the project you wish to migrate. In the settings tab, use the “Export Database” button to download a dump of your database.
Follow the official instructions to install the Turso CLI and sign up or log in to your Turso account.
Create a new database on Turso using the turso db create command.
Terminal window
```
turso db create [database-name]
```
Fetch the database URL using the Turso CLI, and use it as the environment variable ASTRO_DB_REMOTE_URL.
Terminal window
```
turso db show [database-name]
```
```
ASTRO_DB_REMOTE_URL=[your-database-url]
```
Create a token to access your database, and use it as the environment variable ASTRO_DB_APP_TOKEN.
Terminal window
```
turso db tokens create [database-name]
```
```
ASTRO_DB_APP_TOKEN=[your-app-token]
```
Push your DB schema and metadata to the new Turso database.
Terminal window
```
astro db push --remote
```
Import the database dump from step 1 into your new Turso DB.
Terminal window
```
turso db shell [database-name] < ./path/to/dump.sql
```
Once you have confirmed your project connects to the new database, you can safely delete the project from Astro Studio.

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