Content Collections

Added in: astro@2.0.0

Content collections are the best way to manage and author content in any Astro project. Collections help to organize your documents, validate your frontmatter, and provide automatic TypeScript type-safety for all of your content.

A content collection is any top-level directory inside the reserved src/content project directory, such as src/content/newsletter and src/content/authors. Only content collections are allowed inside the src/content directory. This directory cannot be used for anything else.

A collection entry is any piece of content stored inside of your content collection directory. Entries can use content authoring formats including Markdown (.md) and MDX (.mdx using the MDX integration) or as data formats including YAML (.yaml) and JSON (.json). We recommend using a consistent naming scheme (lower-case, dashes instead of spaces) for your files to make it easier to find and organize your content, but this is not required. You can also exclude entries from being built by prefixing the filename with an underscore (_).

Once you have a collection, you can start querying your content using Astro’s built-in content APIs.

Astro stores important metadata for content collections in an .astro directory in your project. No action is needed on your part to maintain or update this directory. You are encouraged to ignore it entirely while working in your project.

The .astro directory will be updated for you automatically anytime you run the astro dev, astro build commands. You can run astro sync at any time to update the .astro directory manually.

If two files represent different kinds of content (e.g. a blog post and an author profile), they most likely belong in different collections. This is important because many features (frontmatter validation, automatic TypeScript type-safety) require that all entries in a collection share a similar structure.

If you find yourself working with different types of content, you should create multiple collections to represent each type. You can create as many different collections in your project as you’d like.

A content collection is always a top-level folder inside of the src/content/ directory. You cannot nest one collection inside of another. However, you can use subdirectories to organize your content within a collection.

For example, you can use the following directory structure to organize i18n translations within a single docs collection. When you query this collection, you’ll be able to filter the result by language using the file path.

To get the most out of your content collections, create a src/content/config.ts file in your project (.js and .mjs extensions are also supported.) This is a special file that Astro will automatically load and use to configure your content collections.

// 1. Import utilities from `astro:content`
import { defineCollection } from 'astro:content';
// 2. Define your collection(s)
const blogCollection = defineCollection({ /* ... */ });
// 3. Export a single `collections` object to register your collection(s)
//    This key should match your collection directory name in "src/content"
export const collections = {
  'blog': blogCollection,
};

If you do not already extend Astro’s strict or strictest recommended TypeScript settings in your tsconfig.json file, you may need to update your tsconfig.json to enable strictNullChecks.

{
  // Note: No change needed if you use "astro/tsconfigs/strict" or "astro/tsconfigs/strictest"
  "extends": "astro/tsconfigs/base",
  "compilerOptions": {
    "strictNullChecks": true
  }
}

If you use .js or .mjs files in an Astro project, you can enable IntelliSense and type checking in your editor by enabling allowJs in your tsconfig.json:

{
  // Note: No change needed if you use "astro/tsconfigs/strict" or "astro/tsconfigs/strictest"
  "extends": "astro/tsconfigs/base",
  "compilerOptions": {
    "strictNullChecks": true,
    "allowJs": true
  }
}

Schemas enforce consistent frontmatter or entry data within a collection. A schema guarantees that this data exists in a predictable form when you need to reference or query it. If any file violates its collection schema, Astro will provide a helpful error to let you know.

Schemas also power Astro’s automatic TypeScript typings for your content. When you define a schema for your collection, Astro will automatically generate and apply a TypeScript interface to it. The result is full TypeScript support when you query your collection, including property autocompletion and type-checking.

To define your first collection, create a src/content/config.ts file if one does not already exist (.js and .mjs extensions are also supported.) This file should:

1. Import the proper utilities from astro:content.
2. Define each collection that you’d like to validate. This includes a type (introduced in Astro v2.5.0) specifying whether the collection contains content authoring formats like Markdown (type: 'content') or data formats like JSON or YAML (type: 'data'). It also includes a schema that defines the shape of your frontmatter or entry data.
3. Export a single collections object to register your collections.

// 1. Import utilities from `astro:content`
import { z, defineCollection } from 'astro:content';

// 2. Define a `type` and `schema` for each collection
const blogCollection = defineCollection({
  type: 'content', // v2.5.0 and later
  schema: z.object({
    title: z.string(),
    tags: z.array(z.string()),
    image: z.string().optional(),
  }),
});

// 3. Export a single `collections` object to register your collection(s)
export const collections = {
  'blog': blogCollection,
};

You can use defineCollection() as many times as you want to create multiple schemas. All collections must be exported from inside the single collections object.

const blogCollection = defineCollection({
  type: 'content',
  schema: z.object({ /* ... */ })
});
const newsletter = defineCollection({
  type: 'content',
  schema: z.object({ /* ... */ })
});
const authors = defineCollection({
  type: 'data',
  schema: z.object({ /* ... */ })
});

export const collections = {
  'blog': blogCollection,
  'newsletter': newsletter,
  'authors': authors,
};

As your project grows, you are also free to reorganize your codebase and move logic out of the src/content/config.ts file. Defining your schemas separately can be useful for reusing schemas across multiple collections and sharing schemas with other parts of your project.

// 1. Import your utilities and schemas
import { defineCollection } from 'astro:content';
import { blogSchema, authorSchema } from '../schemas';

// 2. Define your collections
const blogCollection = defineCollection({
  type: 'content',
  schema: blogSchema,
});
const authorCollection = defineCollection({
  type: 'data',
  schema: authorSchema,
});

// 3. Export multiple collections to register them
export const collections = {
  'blog': blogCollection,
  'authors': authorCollection,
};

You can import collection schemas from anywhere, including external npm packages. This can be useful when working with themes and libraries that provide their own collection schemas for you to use.

import { blogSchema } from 'my-blog-theme';
const blogCollection = defineCollection({ type: 'content', schema: blogSchema });

// Export the blog collection, using an external schema from 'my-blog-theme'
export const collections = {
  'blog': blogCollection,
};

Astro uses Zod to power its content schemas. With Zod, Astro is able to validate every file’s frontmatter within a collection and provide automatic TypeScript types when you go to query content from inside your project.

To use Zod in Astro, import the z utility from "astro:content". This is a re-export of the Zod library, and it supports all of the features of Zod. See Zod’s README for complete documentation on how Zod works and what features are available.

// Example: A cheatsheet of many common Zod datatypes
import { z, defineCollection } from 'astro:content';

defineCollection({
  schema: z.object({
    isDraft: z.boolean(),
    title: z.string(),
    sortOrder: z.number(),
    image: z.object({
      src: z.string(),
      alt: z.string(),
    }),
    author: z.string().default('Anonymous'),
    language: z.enum(['en', 'es']),
    tags: z.array(z.string()),
    // An optional frontmatter property. Very common!
    footnote: z.string().optional(),
    // In frontmatter, dates written without quotes around them are interpreted as Date objects
    publishDate: z.date(),
    // You can also transform a date string (e.g. "2022-07-08") to a Date object
    // publishDate: z.string().transform((str) => new Date(str)),
    // Advanced: Validate that the string is also an email
    authorContact: z.string().email(),
    // Advanced: Validate that the string is also a URL
    canonicalURL: z.string().url(),
  })
})

Collection entries can also “reference” other related entries.

With the reference() function from the Collections API, you can define a property in a collection schema as an entry from another collection. For example, you can require that every space-shuttle entry includes a pilot property which uses the pilot collection’s own schema for type checking, autocomplete, and validation.

A common example is a blog post that references reusable author profiles stored as JSON, or related post URLs stored in the same collection:

import { defineCollection, reference, z } from 'astro:content';

const blog = defineCollection({
  type: 'content',
  schema: z.object({
    title: z.string(),
    // Reference a single author from the `authors` collection by `id`
    author: reference('authors'),
    // Reference an array of related posts from the `blog` collection by `slug`
    relatedPosts: z.array(reference('blog')),
  })
});

const authors = defineCollection({
  type: 'data',
  schema: z.object({
    name: z.string(),
    portfolio: z.string().url(),
  })
});

export const collections = { blog, authors };

This example blog post specifies the slugs of related posts and the id of the post author:

---
title: "Welcome to my blog"
author: ben-holmes # references `src/content/authors/ben-holmes.json`
relatedPosts:
- about-me # references `src/content/blog/about-me.md`
- my-year-in-review # references `src/content/blog/my-year-in-review.md`
---

When using type: 'content', every content entry generates a URL-friendly slug property from its file id. The slug is used to query the entry directly from your collection. It is also useful when creating new pages and URLs from your content.

You can override an entry’s generated slug by adding your own slug property to the file frontmatter. This is similar to the “permalink” feature of other web frameworks. "slug" is a special, reserved property name that is not allowed in your custom collection schema and will not appear in your entry’s data property.

---
title: My Blog Post
slug: my-custom-slug/supports/slashes
---
Your blog post content here.

Astro provides two functions to query a collection and return one (or more) content entries: getCollection() and getEntry().

import { getCollection, getEntry } from 'astro:content';

// Get all entries from a collection.
// Requires the name of the collection as an argument.
// Example: retrieve `src/content/blog/**`
const allBlogPosts = await getCollection('blog');

// Get a single entry from a collection.
// Requires the name of the collection and either
// the entry `slug` (content collections) or `id` (data collections)
// Example: retrieve `src/content/authors/grace-hopper.json`
const graceHopperProfile = await getEntry('authors', 'grace-hopper');

Both functions return content entries as defined by the CollectionEntry type.

Any references defined in your schema must be queried separately after first querying your collection entry. You can use the getEntry() function again, or getEntries(), to retrieve the referenced entry from the returned data object.

---
import { getEntry, getEntries } from 'astro:content';

const blogPost = await getEntry('blog', 'welcome');

// Resolve a singular reference
const author = await getEntry(blogPost.data.author);
// Resolve an array of references
const relatedPosts = await getEntries(blogPost.data.relatedPosts);
---

<h1>{blogPost.data.title}</h1>
<p>Author: {author.data.name}</p>

<!-- ... -->

<h2>You might also like:</h2>
{relatedPosts.map(p => (
  <a href={p.slug}>{p.data.title}</a>
))}

getCollection() takes an optional “filter” callback that allows you to filter your query based on an entry’s id or data (frontmatter) properties. For collections of type: 'content', you can also filter based on slug.

You can use this to filter by any content criteria you like. For example, you can filter by properties like draft to prevent any draft blog posts from publishing to your blog:

// Example: Filter out content entries with `draft: true`
import { getCollection } from 'astro:content';
const publishedBlogEntries = await getCollection('blog', ({ data }) => {
  return data.draft !== true;
});

You can also create draft pages that are available when running the dev server, but not built in production:

// Example: Filter out content entries with `draft: true` only when building for production
import { getCollection } from 'astro:content';
const blogEntries = await getCollection('blog', ({ data }) => {
  return import.meta.env.PROD ? data.draft !== true : true;
});

The filter argument also supports filtering by nested directories within a collection. Since the id includes the full nested path, you can filter by the start of each id to only return items from a specific nested directory:

// Example: Filter entries by sub-directory in the collection
import { getCollection } from 'astro:content';
const englishDocsEntries = await getCollection('docs', ({ id }) => {
  return id.startsWith('en/');
});

Once you have queried your collection entries, you can access each entry directly inside of your Astro component template. This lets you to render HTML for things like links to your content (using the content slug) or information about your content (using the data property).

For information about rendering your content to HTML, see Rendering Content to HTML below.

---
import { getCollection } from 'astro:content';
const blogEntries = await getCollection('blog');
---
<ul>
  {blogEntries.map(blogPostEntry => (
    <li>
      <a href={`/my-blog-url/${blogPostEntry.slug}`}>{blogPostEntry.data.title}</a>
      <time datetime={blogPostEntry.data.publishedDate.toISOString()}>
        {blogPostEntry.data.publishedDate.toDateString()}
      </time>
    </li>
  ))}
</ul>

A component can also pass an entire content entry as a prop.

If you do this, you can use the CollectionEntry utility to correctly type your components props using TypeScript. This utility takes a string argument that matches the name of your collection schema, and will inherit all of the properties of that collection’s schema.

---
import type { CollectionEntry } from 'astro:content';
interface Props {
  post: CollectionEntry<'blog'>;
}

// `post` will match your 'blog' collection schema type
const { post } = Astro.props;
---

Once queried, you can render Markdown and MDX entries to HTML using the entry render() function property. Calling this function gives you access to rendered content and metadata, including both a <Content /> component and a list of all rendered headings.

---
import { getEntry } from 'astro:content';
const entry = await getEntry('blog', 'post-1');
const { Content, headings } = await entry.render();
---
<p>Published on: {entry.data.published.toDateString()}</p>
<Content />

Content collections are stored outside of the src/pages/ directory. This means that no routes are generated for your collection items by default. You will need to manually create a new dynamic route to generate HTML pages from your collection entries. Your dynamic route will map the incoming request param (ex: Astro.params.slug in src/pages/blog/[...slug].astro) to fetch the correct entry inside a collection.

The exact method for generating routes will depend on your build output mode: ‘static’ (the default) or ‘server’ (for SSR).

If you are building a static website (Astro’s default behavior), you would use the getStaticPaths() function to create multiple pages from a single src/pages/ component during your build.

Call getCollection() inside of getStaticPaths() to query your content. Then, create your new URL paths using the slug property of each content entry.

---
import { getCollection } from 'astro:content';
// 1. Generate a new path for every collection entry
export async function getStaticPaths() {
  const blogEntries = await getCollection('blog');
  return blogEntries.map(entry => ({
    params: { slug: entry.slug }, props: { entry },
  }));
}
// 2. For your template, you can get the entry directly from the prop
const { entry } = Astro.props;
const { Content } = await entry.render();
---
<h1>{entry.data.title}</h1>
<Content />

This will generate a new page for every entry in the blog collection. For example, an entry at src/content/blog/hello-world.md will have a slug of hello-world, and therefore its final URL will be /posts/hello-world/.

If you are building a dynamic website (using Astro’s SSR support), you are not expected to generate any paths ahead of time during the build. Instead, your page should examine the request (using Astro.request or Astro.params) to find the slug on-demand, and then fetch it using getEntry().

---
import { getEntry } from "astro:content";
// 1. Get the slug from the incoming server request
const { slug } = Astro.params;
if (slug === undefined) {
  throw new Error("Slug is required");
}
// 2. Query for the entry directly using the request slug
const entry = await getEntry("blog", slug);
// 3. Redirect if the entry does not exist
if (entry === undefined) {
  return Astro.redirect("/404");
}
// 4. (Optional) Render the entry to HTML in the template
const { Content } = await entry.render();
---

This guide shows you how to convert an existing Astro project with Markdown files in the src/pages/ folder to content collections. It uses the Build a Blog tutorial’s finished project as an example.

1. Upgrade to Astro v3.0 or later, and upgrade all integrations to their latest versions.

2. Set up TypeScript for content collections.

3. Create at least one collection (folder in src/content/) and move your Markdown and MDX pages from src/pages/ into these subdirectories of src/content/. Collections work best when all files in the same collection have similar frontmatter properties. So, choose your new folder structure to reflect similar types of pages.

   For example, to migrate the blog posts in the tutorial, move the contents of src/pages/posts/ to src/content/posts/.

4. Create a src/content/config.ts file and define a schema for each content type. For the blog, we only have one content type, posts:

   // Import utilities from `astro:content`
   import { z, defineCollection } from "astro:content";
   // Define a `type` and `schema` for each collection
   const postsCollection = defineCollection({
       type: 'content',
       schema: z.object({
         title: z.string(),
         pubDate: z.date(),
         description: z.string(),
         author: z.string(),
         image: z.object({
           url: z.string(),
           alt: z.string()
         }),
         tags: z.array(z.string())
       })
   });
   // Export a single `collections` object to register your collection(s)
   export const collections = {
     posts: postsCollection,
   };

5. Generate routes from your collections. Inside a collection, Markdown and MDX files no longer automatically become pages using Astro’s file-based routing, so you must generate the pages yourself.

   For the tutorial, create a src/pages/posts/[...slug].astro. This page will use dynamic routing to generate a page for each collection entry.

   This page will also need to query your collection to fetch page slugs and make the page content available to each route.

   Render your post <Content /> within the layout for your Markdown or MDX pages. This allows you to specify a common layout for all of your posts.

   ---
   import { getCollection } from 'astro:content';
   import MarkdownPostLayout from '../../layouts/MarkdownPostLayout.astro';
   
   export async function getStaticPaths() {
     const blogEntries = await getCollection('posts');
     return blogEntries.map(entry => ({
       params: { slug: entry.slug }, props: { entry },
     }));
   }
   
   const { entry } = Astro.props;
   const { Content } = await entry.render();
   ---
   <MarkdownPostLayout frontmatter={entry.data}>
     <Content />
   </MarkdownPostLayout>

6. Remove the layout definition in each individual post’s frontmatter. Your content is now wrapped in a layout when rendered, and this property is no longer needed.

   ---
   layout: ../../layouts/MarkdownPostLayout.astro
   title: 'My First Blog Post'
   pubDate: 2022-07-01
   ...
   ---

7. Replace Astro.glob() with getCollection() to fetch content and metadata from your Markdown files. You will also need to update references to the returned post object, since you will now find your frontmatter values on the data property.

   The blog index page in the tutorial lists a card for each post. This becomes:

   ---
   import { getCollection } from "astro:content";
   import BaseLayout from "../layouts/BaseLayout.astro";
   import BlogPost from "../components/BlogPost.astro";
   
   const pageTitle = "My Astro Learning Blog";
   const allPosts = await getCollection("posts");
   ---
   
   <BaseLayout pageTitle={pageTitle}>
     <p>This is where I will post about my journey learning Astro.</p>
     <ul>
       {
         allPosts.map((post) => (
           <BlogPost url={'/posts/' + post.slug} title={post.data.title} />
         ))
       }
     </ul>
   </BaseLayout>

   The tutorial blog project also dynamically generates a page for each tag. This page now becomes:

   ---
   import { getCollection } from "astro:content";
   import BaseLayout from "../../layouts/BaseLayout.astro";
   import BlogPost from "../../components/BlogPost.astro";
   
   export async function getStaticPaths() {
     const allPosts = await getCollection("posts");
     const uniqueTags = [...new Set(allPosts.map((post) => post.data.tags).flat())];
   
     return uniqueTags.map((tag) => {
       const filteredPosts = allPosts.filter((post) =>
         post.data.tags.includes(tag)
       );
       return {
         params: { tag },
         props: { posts: filteredPosts },
       };
     });
   }
   
   const { tag } = Astro.params;
   const { posts } = Astro.props;
   ---
   
   <BaseLayout pageTitle={tag}>
       <p>Posts tagged with {tag}</p>
       <ul>
           { posts.map((post) => <BlogPost url={'/posts/' + post.slug} title={post.data.title} />) }
       </ul>
   </BaseLayout>

   The same logic appears in the tag index page, which becomes:

   ---
   import { getCollection } from "astro:content";
   import BaseLayout from "../../layouts/BaseLayout.astro";
   const allPosts = await getCollection("posts");
   const tags = [...new Set(allPosts.map((post) => post.data.tags).flat())];
   const pageTitle = "Tag Index";
   ---
   ...

8. Update the code that uses the publish date in the layouts/MarkdownPostLayout.astro file.

   Previously, pubDate was a string. Now, after introducing types for your posts’ frontmatter, pubDate is a Date. To render the date, convert it to a string:

   ...
   <BaseLayout pageTitle={frontmatter.title}>
     <p>{frontmatter.pubDate.toDateString()}</p>
     <p><em>{frontmatter.description}</em></p>
     <p>Written by: {frontmatter.author}</p>
     <img src={frontmatter.image.url} width="300" alt={frontmatter.image.alt} />
   ...

   Lastly, the tutorial blog project includes an RSS feed. This function must also use getCollection and the data object, and be converted to an async function to do so:

   import rss from "@astrojs/rss";
   import { getCollection } from "astro:content";
   
   export async function GET() {
     const posts = await getCollection('posts');
     return rss({
       title: 'Astro Learner | Blog',
       description: 'My journey learning Astro',
       site: 'https://my-blog-site.netlify.app',
       items: posts.map((post) => ({
         title: post.data.title,
         pubDate: post.data.pubDate,
         description: post.data.description,
         link: `/posts/${post.slug}/`,
       })),
       customData: `<language>en-us</language>`,
     });
   }

For the full example of the blog tutorial using content collections, see the Content Collections branch of the tutorial repo.

Astro supports remark or rehype plugins that modify your frontmatter directly. You can access this modified frontmatter inside of a content entry by using the remarkPluginFrontmatter property returned from render():

---
import { getEntry } from 'astro:content';
const blogPost = await getEntry('blog', 'post-1');
const { remarkPluginFrontmatter } = await blogPost.render();
---
<p>{blogPost.data.title} — {remarkPluginFrontmatter.readingTime}</p>

Related recipe: Add Reading Time

The remark and rehype pipelines only run when your content is rendered, which explains why remarkPluginFrontmatter is only available after you call render() on your content entry. In contrast, getCollection() and getEntry() cannot return these values directly because they do not render your content.